Sains Malaysiana 53(9)(2024): 3045-3057

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5309-11

In vitro and in vivo Evaluations of the Antifungal Activity of Salicylic Acid and Silicon against Ganoderma boninense

(Penilaian in vitro dan in vivo Aktiviti Antikulat Asid Salisilik dan Silikon terhadap Ganoderma boninense)

AINNUR ATIRA MOHAMMAD SERI¹, DZARIFAH MOHAMED ZULPERI¹ & SITI IZERA ISMAIL^1,2,*

¹Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 19 November 2023/Accepted: 5 July 2024

Abstract

Basal stem rot disease (BSR) in oil palms is one of the primary diseases that has led to the wide use of fungicides. This increased the development of fungal isolates resistant to fungicides and led to the search for alternative strategies to replace the use of fungicides. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of salicylic acid (SA) and silicon (Si) in inhibiting mycelial growth of Ganoderma boninense using Poison Food Technique and to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of Si treatment on oil palm seedlings growth and resistance towards G. boninense. Percentage inhibition of radial mycelial growth (PIRG) was assessed, and Si treatment significantly reduced mycelial radial growth of G. boninenseup to 100% inhibition at concentrations of 200 and 250 mg/L. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) for Si was 68.57 mg/L, while for SiO₂, it was 273.95 mg/L. The EC₅₀ for salicylic acid was 381.33 mg/L. For in vivo evaluation, oil palm seedlings treated with Si at 150, 200, and 250 mg/L showed the lowest severity of leaf chlorosis and necrotic symptoms, which were 7.36%, 6.49%, and 4.05%, respectively. In contrast, the seedlings without Si showed the highest severity of leaf symptoms. Examination of internal bole tissues of oil palm seedlings treated with Si at a concentration of 250 mg/L also recorded a 3.0% mean percentage of disease severity compared to the untreated infected seedlings, which showed 35.0% disease severity. Our findings demonstrated the potential of Si application in controlling the BSR disease caused by Ganoderma boninense.

Keywords: Basal stem rot disease; Ganoderma boninense; oil palm; salicylic acid; silicon

Abstrak

Penyakit reput pangkal batang (BSR) ialah salah satu penyakit kelapa sawit yang paling serius sehingga menyumbang kepada penggunaan racun kulat secara berleluasa. Ini meningkatkan ketahanan kulat terhadap racun tersebut dan telah mendorong kepada pencarian strategi alternatif bagi menggantikan penggunaan racun kulat. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah untuk menilai aktiviti antikulat asid salisilik (SA) dan silikon (Si) secara in vitro dalam menyekat pertumbuhan miselium G. boninense menggunakan teknik Poison Food, serta menilai kesan silikon terhadap pertumbuhan dan ketahanan anak pokok kelapa sawit terhadap G. boninense secara in vivo. Peratusan perencatan pertumbuhan miselium (PIRG) telah dicatatkan dan Si telah merencatkan pertumbuhan miselium G. boninense sehingga 100% pada kepekatan 200 dan 250 mg/L. Kepekatan berkesan maksimum separuh (EC₅₀) silikon yang boleh menghalang pertumbuhan miselium ialah 68.57 mg/L manakala bagi silikon dioksida ialah 273.95 mg/L. EC₅₀ untuk salisilik asid pula ialah 381.33 mg/L. Bagi penilaian in vivo pula, anak pokok yang menerima Si pada kepekatan 150, 200 dan 250 mg/L menunjukkan keterukan simptom daun paling rendah, iaitu masing-masing sejumlah 7.36%, 6.49% dan 4.05% manakala anak pokok yang tidak menerima Si menunjukkan keterukan simptom klorosis dan nekrosis paling tinggi pada daun. Pemeriksaan terhadap tisu pangkal batang anak pokok menunjukkan bahawa anak pokok yang menerima Si pada kepekatan 250 mg/L juga mencatatkan purata 3.0% keterukan pangkal batang berbanding kumpulan anak pokok yang tidak dirawat yang mempunyai 35.0% purata peratusan keterukan pangkal batang. Penyelidikan ini telah menunjukkan potensi Si dalam mengurangkan keterukan penyakit BSR.

Kata kunci: Asid salisilik; Ganoderma boninense; kelapa sawit; penyakit reput pangkal batang; silikon

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*Corresponding author; email: izera@upm.edu.my